Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University
Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University (ISSN 1563-0331, eISSN 2312-7554, abbreviated title: Chem. Bull. Kaz. Nat. Univ.) is the open-access journal publishing high-quality original scientific articles since 1992 (four issues per year). The Bulletin covers all areas of chemistry including the multidisciplinary chemistry. The journal aims to become international. It has the international Editorial Board and is open to authors from all around the world. Advantages of publication in our Journal: indexing in many databases (CAS, DOAJ, CrossRef, Web of Science) simplifies finding your article free access to full text of your article (higher number of readers = more citations and higher h-index) peer-review of the article by qualified experts improves it's overall quality and increases the probability of application of your results by other scientists quick publication rates - article appears online with DOI one week after acceptance, final publication with numbers of issue and pages in 2 weeks (average). Total time after submission to publication - 10 weeks continuous and active work of the Editorial team on the increase of the quality and the ranking of the Journal
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Көмірсутек қоспаларының термокаталитикалық ыдырауы нәтижесінде түзілетін сұйық өнімдердің химиялық құрамын анықтау
Жұмыста әртүрлі текті көміртекқұрамды қалдықтардың, атап айтқанда Құлан кен орнының көмір шаңы, полиэтилен және полипропилен негізіндегі пластмасса қалдықтары, мақта майын өндірудің соапстогынан бөлінген госсиполды шайыр, сондай-ақ «Petro Kazakhstan Oil Products» (Шымкент қ.) мұнай өңдеу зауытының мұнайшламын бірге пиролиздеу процестеріне кешенді эксперименттік зерттеу нәтижелері ұсынылған. Тәжірибелер 500-700 °C температура аралығында атмосфералық қысымда инертті (N₂) және әлсіз қышқылдық (CO₂) газдық ортада жүргізілді. Экстракциялық әдістерді қолдану арқылы пиролиздің сұйық өнімдері фракциялық бөлініп, олардың компоненттері сәйкестендірілді. Газдық ортаның табиғаты мен процесс температурасы майлы, шайырлы, асфальтенді фракциялар мен ерімейтін заттардың шығымы мен арақатынасына шешуші әсер ететіні анықталды. Жеке қалдықтар мен олардың қоспаларын (1:1:1:1) бірге термокаталитикалық ыдырату кезінде асфальтендердің төмен мөлшерінде майлар мен шайырлар басым болатын сұйық өнім түзілетіні көрсетілді. Сопиролиздің айқын синергетикалық әсері анықталды, ол госсиполды шайырдың полифенолды құрылымдары мен май қышқылдарының деструкциясы нәтижесінде сутегінің түзілуімен байланысты, бұл өз кезегінде көмір шаңы мен полимерлік қалдықтардың термиялық ыдырауы кезінде түзілетін белсенді көмірсутек радикалдарын тұрақтандыруға ықпал етеді. Нәтижесінде олефиндер, ароматты көмірсутектер және шайырлы қосылыстар түзілуімен жүретін екіншілік синтез реакциялары жылдамдап, температура жоғарылаған сайын сұйық өнімдердің фракциялық құрамы майлардың үлесі арту жағына қарай қайта бөлінеді. Хромато-масс-спектрометриялық талдау көпкомпонентті қоспаны сопиролиздеу кезінде негізгі қосылыстар кластары бойынша біркелкі таралған көмірсутекті өнімдердің түзілетінін көрсетті, бұл әртүрлі көміртекқұрамды қалдықтарды кешенді қайта өңдеудің аталған тәсілінің перспективалы екенін дәлелдейді.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2026 Авторлар https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Извлечение лития и переходных металлов из отработанных ЛИБ с использованием низкоконцентрированных аммиачных сред
Экспоненциальный рост использования литий-ионных батарей требует разработки экологически безопасных технологий переработки для решения проблемы надвигающегося резкого увеличения количества отходов. В данном исследовании представлен новый, устойчивый гидрометаллургический подход к извлечению критически важных металлов (Li, Ni, Co) из отработанных катодных материалов NMC/LCO с использованием низкоконцентрированной аммиачной системы. В отличие от традиционных методов, основанных на высоких концентрациях аммиака (4-6 М), в данной работе демонстрируется эффективное выщелачивание металлов с использованием всего 0,5 М NH4OH, буферированного сульфатом аммония, с применением сульфита натрия (Na2SO3) в качестве восстановителя для облегчения разрушения оксидной матрицы. Благодаря систематической оптимизации были установлены оптимальные параметры процесса: 0,5 М NH4OH, 0,273 М (NH4)2SO4 и 0,8 М Na2SO3 при pH 10,5 и 80 °C. В этих условиях система достигла эффективности выщелачивания 99,6% для Ni, 96,4% для Li и 89,1% для Co. Отличительной особенностью разработанного процесса является частичная нерастворимость марганца; в отличие от кислотного выщелачивания, этот метод сохраняет 76 % марганца в твердом остатке, что значительно упрощает последующие стадии очистки и выделения целевых компонентов. Предложенный метод обеспечивает восьмикратное снижение потребления аммиака по сравнению с традиционными аммиачными схемами, что существенно снижает как эксплуатационные расходы, так и углеродный след процесса переработки.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2026 Artur Grigoryev, Saken Abdimomyn, Mikhail Simonov, Fyodor Malchik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impedance spectroscopy diagnostics of spent lithium-ion batteries in recycling processes
The widespread adoption of electric transportation is leading to the accumulation of spent lithium-ion batteries requiring sorting prior to recycling or reuse. Effective triage of end-of-life (EoL) batteries necessitates rapid non-destructive diagnostic methods capable of assessing the state of health at the individual cell level. This study proposes an approach to rapid diagnostics based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Using a 10S6P battery pack from an electric scooter operated under sharply continental climate conditions as an example, we demonstrate that equivalent circuit model parameters – including ohmic resistance, charge transfer resistance, and constant phase element exponents – enable the identification of intra-pack degradation heterogeneity and classification of cells according to their suitability for reuse. Analysis revealed two distinct degradation patterns: localized critical discharge attributed to battery management system malfunction, and a gradient of accelerated aging in peripheral cells due to thermocyclic stress. It was established that 80% of the cells in the investigated pack retain characteristics permitting second-life applications, while 10% exhibit signs of irreversible degradation and require immediate recycling. The results confirm the promise of impedance spectroscopy as a tool for high-throughput triage of EoL batteries within the circular economy framework.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
New glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents as green extragents for diesel fuel
The dearomatization, denitrification and oxidative desulfurization of commercial diesel fuels were investigated using glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents. The optimal conditions of liquid-liquid extraction processes were chosen as room and 90°C temperatures and 3 hours of mixing time. Ammonium chloride-glycerol, triethylammonium acetate-glycerol and choline chloride-glycerol were used as extractive solvents in the purification processes. Diesel-Deep eutectic solvents (Diesel-DESs) were taken as the volume ratios of 1:1 for the dearomatization and denitrification processes. The volume ratios of Diesel-DESs-H2O2 were 1:1:2 for the oxidative desulfurization. H2O2 was selected as the oxidative agent of oxidation desulfurization. Before and after separation processes, the exploitation properties were studied by ASTM standards and compared to commercial diesel. All separation processes were controlled by gas chromatography and 1H NMR methods. Based on the NMR analysis, NH4Cl/6Glycerol with H₂O₂ and ChCl/6Glycerol were the most effective extractive agents for purified diesel samples, from the alkyl aromatic, naphthenic, and heteroatomic compounds.
Synthesis and X-ray examination of neodymium and magnesium double nickel-manganite NdMg2NiMnO6
Manganites-perovskites are an important class of materials with unique physical properties such as tremendous magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric effect. They have a perovskite structure and can be described by the general formula AMnO₃, where A is a rare earth or alkali metal and Mn is manganese. The introduction of dopants into the composition of rare-earth element manganite can serve as an effective way to improve the properties of semiconductors. The aim of this work is the synthesis and X-ray diffraction study of a new nickelite-manganite of neodymium and magnesium of the composition NdMg2NiMnO6. A new nickelite-manganite of neodymium and magnesium composition NdMg2NiMnO6 was synthesized by the method of ceramic technology. The identification was carried out by XRD method. On the basis of indication it was found that NdMg2NiMnO6 crystallizes in cubic syngony with the following lattice parameters: a=10.056 ± 0.067 Å; Z=4; Vo=4139.39 ± 0.20 Å3; Vounit cell.=1034.85 ± 0.02 Å3, rх-ray.=2.5824; rpycn. =2.4970 ± 0.052 g/cm3. The tolerance factor t=0.90, which is a criterion of structure stability, was calculated. IR spectra of the investigated nickelite-manganite were obtained. The obtained results are of interest for further work on the study of thermodynamic, electrophysical properties of this compound and can be used in inorganic materials science to obtain similar substances with promising physical and chemical properties, and as initial information arrays for loading into fundamental data banks on X-ray characteristics.
Изучение физико-химических свойств сорбентов, полученных активацией коксовой мелочи в атмосфере углекислого газа
В работе изучена возможность получения активированных углей из малоликвидных фракций карбонизованных материалов коксохимического производства АО «Шубарколь комир» (г. Караганда). Для получения угольного сорбента коксовую мелочь размером ≤ 10 мм измельчали ​​и просеивали, получая фракцию 2–5 мм. Полученную фракцию активировали на опытной установке в присутствии углекислого газа при температурах 700-900°C и времени активации 60-180 мин. Установлено, что максимальная сорбционная способность достигается при температуре 800°C и времени активации 180 мин. При этих условиях достигается максимальная сорбционная ёмкость по йоду (56,73%) и метиленовому голубому (100 мг/г). С помощью метода низкотемпературной адсорбции азота по методу БЭТ (Брунауэра, Эммета и Теллера) определена удельная поверхность сорбента, которая составила 446,8±4,4 м2/г. Анализ адсорбционной и десорбционной ветвей изотермы указывает на мезопористую структуру полученных сорбентов. Исследование состава отходящих газов показало наличие водорода, оксида углерода, диоксида углерода и азота. Анализ газового состава отходящих продуктов активации выявил значительное содержание CO (51,52%), что свидетельствует о глубокой термической модификации коксовой мелочи в процессе активации углекислым газом CO2.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2025 Авторы https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Synthesis and investigation of preformed particle gels based on acrylic monomers to reduce water cut in oil wells
Oil production, which often involves the extraction of relatively large quantities of water, causes a number of environmental and mechanical problems, particularly in oil reservoirs. One way to mitigate this problem is to use polymer gels as plugging agents. This article describes a method for synthesizing acrylamide-based hydrogel particles using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and the addition of bentonite to prepare the hybrid composite hydrogel. FTIR spectroscopy data confirmed the formation of an acrylamide-based hydrogel. The swelling capacity of the hydrogels was studied as a function of the change in the concentration of the components contained in the composition. The swelling capacity is also estimated as a function of change in temperature, salinity and acidity of the medium. The results show that the investigated hydrogel particles exhibit remarkable swelling and have a high mechanical strength. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates stability of the hydrogel particles of up to 200℃.These particles may definitely serve as a robust sealant. They show high resistance to heat and salt exposure as well as stability in acidic and alkaline conditions. Considering physicochemical properties discussed in this paper, hydrogel particles can be utilized as a cost-effective potting agent.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Влияние частичного окисления ксантогената на флотируемость минералов золота
Потери минералов золота с тонкими классами остаются актуальной проблемой современной технологии флотации. Минералы золота, связанные с сульфидами железа (пиритом, арсенопиритом), можно извлечь с применением сульфгидрильных собирателей. Как известно, максимальная флотируемость сульфидов железа наблюдается в случае одновременного нахождения на их поверхности как ксантогената, так и диксантогенида. Целью работы является исследование влияния частичного окисления амилового ксантогената калия (АКс) на эффективность флотационного обогащения золотосодержащей сульфидной руды. Для получения собирателя, включающего в свой состав ксантогентат и диксантогенид, предложено частичное окисление раствора амилового ксантогената калия с использованием турбофлотационного генератора. Тестирование собирателей АКс и АКс + АКсокисл. на сульфидной золотосодержащей руде показало, что частичное окисление ксантогената до диксантогенида улучшает технологические показатели флотации. Частичное окисление ксантогената позволяет повысить извлечение золота от 83,8 до 89,3 % при снижении содержания золота в хвостах флотации с 0,48 до 0,32 г/т. Турбофлотационный генератор позволяет повысить извлечение золота с 89,2 до 91,7 % при снижении содержания золота в хвостах флотации с 0,31 до 0,24 г/т.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2026 Авторы https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cинтез интерполиэлектролитного комплекса из флуоресцентно-меченого хитозана и полиакриловой кислоты
В настоящем исследовании впервые синтезированы флуоресцентно-меченые образцы хитозана и полиакриловой кислоты (ПАК) для изучения глубины проникновения в лесную почву полимеров и интерполиэлектролитного комплекса (ИПЭК) и их устойчивости к вымыванию. Cинтез флуоресцентно-меченых полимеров и ИПЭК проводился методом смешения растворов c применением флуоресцеин изотиоцианата (FITC) и флуоресцеинамина (FA). Для идентификации состава и определения структуры синтезированных продуктов использовали ИК-cпектроскопию. Оптимальный мольный состав полученного ИПЭК [Хитозан]:[ПАК] = [1:9] подтвержден методом гравиметрии. Реовизкозиметрическим методом установили псевдопластичное течение хитозана и дилатантное течение ПАК и ИПЭК. В условиях лабораторных модельных опытов изучены механическая прочность и противоэрозионная устойчивость почвенно-полимерных структуратов. Обработка почвы ИПЭК способствовала формированию защитной почвенно-полимерной пленки, которая значительно повышает устойчивость почвенной поверхности к ветровой эрозии до 93% и к водной эрозии до 90%, а также усиливает механическую прочность почвенных агрегатов в 13 раз. Исследование подтверждает наибольшую устойчивость к вымыванию ИПЭК в отличие от индивидуальных полимеров, что представляет важное значение для практики структурирования и стабилизации почв в условиях эрозии.
Synthesis and properties of new biologically active analogues of Kazсaine
The study focuses on the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel structural analogs of the anesthetic and antiarrhythmic Kazcaine. Two new derivatives were synthesized by acylation of propylacetylene alcohol 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-4-oxopiperidine with fluorobenzoyl chlorides. Their complexes with cyclodextrin were obtained for biological screening. The evaluation of the myelostimulating activity of these complexes revealed that one of them, specifically the 3-fluorobenzoyloxy derivative, demonstrated a pronounced myelostimulating effect, particularly with regard to the stimulation of leukopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. The compound, in complex with β-cyclodextrin, showed significant stimulation of leukocyte and platelet proliferation, with a noticeable increase in the total number of leukocytes and improvement in granulocyte and lymphocyte recovery. These results indicate that the synthesized compounds have significant potential for pharmacological use, especially for stimulating hematopoiesis and protecting against myelosuppression. In addition, quantum chemical calculations of the reactions showed that ortho- and meta-fluorobenzoyl chloride have higher reactivity, which is confirmed by the high yields of the products (94% and 89%) obtained as a result of the synthesis.
Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) fruit extract against Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates
The basic therapy for microbial infections involves the application of antibiotics. However, overuse of antibiotics has become the major factor for the emergence and dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains. The purpose of our work was to study the phytochemical composition of a thick extract of raspberry fruits, as well as to investigate in vitro and in silico antibacterial activity against clinical multidrug-resistant strains of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was accomplished with spectrophotometric, titrimetric and HPLC methods of analysis; antimicrobial effects were evaluated by the well diffusion method, whereas minimum inhibition concentration was determined by well plate method. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.60 and 10.10%, organic acids – 4.60 and 1.60% for raspberry fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of anthocyanins in the raspberry fruit thick extract was 110.0 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside was dominated (52.14±1.04 mg/100 g). Theoretical studies have shown that neither a single antibiotic nor anthocyanins are highly effective in inhibiting all antimicrobial mechanisms of resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The thick raspberry fruit extract actively inhibits all resistant strains of A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. cloacae. These findings have shown that to inhibit resistant strains of bacteria, you need to use only a complex drug or dietary supplements of raspberry together, and in turn, herbal medicines are a “lifeline” for their creation and there is a chance of old antimicrobial drugs back in life.
Thermodynamic properties of zircon-manganite Lanthanum and Lithium LaLi2 ZrMnO6
The temperature dependence of the heat capacity of lanthanum and lithium zirconmanganite LаLi2ZrMnO6 was studied by the method of experimental dynamic calorimetry in the range of 298.15- 673 K. On the curve of the dependence Ср°~f(Т) at 348 K, a λ-shaped effect was revealed, probably related to a type II phase transition. Taking into account the temperature of the phase transition, the equations of the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of zirconmanganite are derived. The calculated value of the standard heat capacity of lanthanum and lithium zircono-manganite is in satisfactory agreement with experimental data within the error limits of experimental and computational methods. The standard entropy of the investigated zircono-manganites is calculated by the method of ion increments. In the range 298.15-673 K, the temperature dependences Ср°(Т) and the thermodynamic functions S°(T), H°(T)-H°(298.15) and Fxx(Т) were calculated. According to the developed methodology, the fundamental thermodynamic constant, the standard enthalpy of formation of zircono-manganite LаLi2ZrMnO6, was calculated.
Artificial protective coatings for lithium metal anode to improve its stability
The use of lithium metal as an anode in lithium-metal batteries is desired due to its high capacity and highly negative potential but is still not achieved due to the high activity and consequent chemical and electrochemical instability of this metal. On contact with the electrolyte, a film (SEI) is formed on the lithium surface consisting of the electrolyte decomposition products. Typically, this film has a heterogeneous structure, making it unstable and it cracks during cycling, which leads to lithium local deposition in the form of outgrowths – dendrites. A short circuit can occur when the dendrites grow to the cathode, followed by a possible battery fire. To solve this problem, it was proposed to coat lithium anodes with artificial SEI with the desired properties: homogeneous structure, high ionic and low electronic conductivity, and mechanical and chemical stability. The main methods for applying such coatings are dipping, dripping, doctor blade smearing, chemical or electrochemical reaction with lithium, and techniques such as magnetron sputtering, atomic and molecular layer deposition, and plasma activation. In this review examples of artificial protective coatings of different nature on lithium, their structure and functional features are considered. The reasons for their enhancement of lithium-metal anode operation stability and the characteristics obtained as a result of anode protection by these films are also indicated. At comparison of various approaches to creation of artificial SEI the methodological problem on an estimation of their efficiency is revealed and the decision variant is offered.
Technology of production and physicochemical properties of activated carbon derived from industrial waste
This study examines the specific features of the production technology of granular activated carbon obtained from substandard fine-grained carbon fractions, which are by-products of the special coke industrial production at JSC «Shubarkol Komir.» A technological scheme was developed for producing activated carbon based on this industrial waste, including the methods and conditions for granulation, carbonization, and activation. The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of the resulting target carbon materials were evaluated. Granular and powdered activated carbons were produced from coke fines with the following composition: 60% coke fines, 35% binder, and 5% chemical activating agent. The temperature dependencies of the activation process were determined. Using adsorption-structural analysis methods, the structure of the activated carbon was studied, revealing a well-developed porous structure that includes mesopores with slit sizes ranging from 2 to 32 nm.
New method for the synthesis of oxonium derivatives of closo-borate anions [BnHn]2-
This work investigates the reaction of tetrabutylammonium salts of [B10H10]2- and [B12H12]2- anions with tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and tetrahydropyran in the presence of aqueous H[BF4] and H2[SiF6] solutions. It is shown that these reactions yield mono-substituted derivatives of the closo-decaborate anion ([2-B10H9O(CH2)4]-, [2-B10H9O(CH2)4О]-, [2-B10H9O(CH2)5]-) and closo-dodecaborate anion ([B12H11O(CH2)4]-, [B12H11O(CH2)4О]-, [B12H11O(CH2)5]-) in high yields. It was proven that in the case of the [B10H10]2- anion, the reaction proceeds regioselectively, leading specifically to products with substituents in the equatorial belt of the boron cluster. The closo-dodecaborate anion derivative with an exo-polyhedral tetrahydropyran substituent was further functionalized by reaction with potassium cyanide in DMF. Studies showed that this reaction results in the opening of the cyclic substituent, forming a derivative containing a pendant cyano group attached to the boron cluster via a pentamethylene spacer. This compound can be further modified at the terminal group to obtain biologically active boron-containing derivatives, promising for use in ¹⁰B-neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of malignant tumors, as well as antimicrobial and antiviral therapy. The structures of all obtained derivatives were confirmed using a comprehensive set of modern physical and physicochemical analytical methods (elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI mass spectrometry).
Using expired drotaverine for corrosion protection of steel in HCl solution
In the last two decades, the scientific literature has widely covered the use of expired medicinal preparations for anticorrosion protection of metals. The aim of this work is to study expired Drotaverine (No-shpa) as a corrosion inhibitor for St3 carbon steel in a 1 M HCl solution. Drotaverine concentrations ranged from 20-80 mg/L. Studies were conducted using gravimetry, potentiodynamic polarization, impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Gravimetric studies of Drotaverine’s inhibitory effect were carried out at room temperature for 2 and 24 hours, and at 80°C for 0.5 hours, showing a protective effect (Z, %) of 72, 82, and 96%, respectively, at a concentration of 80 mg/L. The Z values calculated from polarization and impedance measurements were close to those determined gravimetrically. The surface coverage of the electrode by the inhibitor was estimated, and it was shown that Drotaverine adsorption conforms to the Langmuir isotherm. The calculated free energy of adsorption, equal to -29 kJ/mol, indicates physical adsorption of the drug on the steel surface with some contribution from chemisorption. Drotaverine causes a deceleration of both cathodic and anodic electrode reactions.
Cyanethylation of two decahydroquinolone isosters and evaluation of antibacterial properties of new β-aminonitriles
Driven by the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance, the search for novel antibacterial agents has identified decahydroquinoline derivatives as promising structural scaffolds. The aim of this work was a comparative study of the synthetic reactivity of two decahydroquinolone isomers and the subsequent antimicrobial activity of their N-cyanoethylated products. The target compounds were synthesized via an aza-Michael addition, wherein the influence of stereochemistry on reactivity was investigated, and a Cu(OAc)₂ catalyst was optimized for the sterically hindered isomer. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by the broth microdilution method, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on the MDCK kidney cell line. It was established that the position of the methyl group within the decahydroquinoline core is a critical determinant of both the steric accessibility for N-cyanoethylation and the resulting biological activity. The N-(β’-cyanoethyl)-2a-methyldecahydroquinolin-4-one exhibited selective bactericidal activity against the Gram-positive strain Staphylococcus aureus (MBC = 5 mg/mL), whereas its 10-methyl substituted analogue was completely inactive. Importantly, the active compound demonstrated low cytotoxicity (CTC₅₀ > 0.8 mg/mL), indicating a favorable selectivity profile. These findings identify the 2a-methyldecahydroquinolin-4-one fragment as a promising scaffold for the rational design of new selective antibacterial agents.
Evaluation of perspectives for the synthesis of Ti3AlC2 in Kazakhstan for supercapacitor application
With the increasing demand for energy-efficient technologies, there is a growing focus on developing new materials for supercapacitors and other energy devices. MXene Ti3C2Tx is known for its unique electrochemical properties and has garnered significant interest in such applications. However, the high cost of synthesizing MXene limits its commercial viability, prompting research into cost-effective methods for synthesizing the MXene precursor, the Ti3AlC3 MAX phase. This paper presents a method for synthesizing the MAX-phase Ti3AlC2 using local raw materials from Kazakhstan Electrolysis Plant JSC and Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium-Magnesium Plant JSC. Utilizing local resources significantly reduces production costs. The study investigates the impact of temperature conditions and excess aluminum content on MAX phase formation. Process optimization, including pressing the precursors and coating them with a layer of aluminum oxide, resulted in a Ti3AlC2 content of 91.2%. MXene Ti3C2Tx derived from the synthesized MAX phase demonstrated electrochemical performance comparable to materials prepared from commercially available MAX phases. An economic assessment revealed that the cost of synthesizing 1 gram of Ti3AlC2 from local precursors is $0.22, more than 19 times lower than similar commercial materials. These findings confirm the cost-effectiveness and competitiveness of the proposed approach, highlighting its potential to create high-performance materials suitable for advanced batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy devices.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Synthesis of donor-acceptor compounds based on azulene
At present, non-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons are widely used as precursors for the synthesis of new materials with useful electronic properties. In particular, the non-alternative aromatic hydrocarbon azulen with a unique dipole structure and a tendency to form stabilized radical ions should be predetermined as a building block for obtaining new π-conjugated systems with interesting optoelectronic properties. This article discusses the directed synthesis and study of optical properties of new donor-acceptor compounds based on azulene. It was shown that for the synthesis of donor-acceptor phenylketone azulenes, the reaction of directed (to positions С1 and С3) acylation with benzoyl chloride in the presence of Li2MnCl4 in tetrahydrofuran was used for the first time as a key step. It was found that push-pull phenyldicyanovinyl azulenes obtained by Knoevenagel condensation of azulenylketones with malononitrile flow easily (with an increase in the yield of end products) in the presence of pyridine in dimethyl sulfoxide. Electron UV-visible spectra of phenyldicyanovinyl azulene compounds showed strong absorption bands in the visible region (λmax = 452 and 434 nm) caused by intense intramolecular charge transfer between the donor azulene ring and the acceptor phenyldicyanovinyl group.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2022 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
In silico drug-likeness, biological activity and toxicity prediction of new 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one derivatives
This paper presents the results of predicting drug-likeness, biological activity, and toxicity for 8 new derivatives of 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one using bioinformatic methods. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of the studied compounds were determined, in silico screening for biological activity and prediction of their toxicity were carried out. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using the Molinspiration Cheminformatics service. It was found that compounds 1–11 corresponded to Lipinski’s rule for drug-like compounds. As predicted in Molinspiration, compound 4 exhibits significant biological activity as a possible enzyme inhibitor and G-protein coupled receptor ligand. Compound 6 is active as an ion channel modulator. Virtual PASS screening identified compounds with potential antidiabetic activity (1–3, 5–8) and activity in the treatment of phobic disorders and dementias (1–5, 7, 8, 11). Compound 1 can potentially act as a substrate for CYP2H, and inhibitors of enzymes of the peptidase group are 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11. As a result of QSAR prediction based on LD50 values calculated in ProTox-II, compound 10 belongs to class 6; compounds 1–3, 5 and 8 belong to the 5th class of toxicity; compounds 6 and 9 belong to the 4th class. Compound 4 belongs to class 3. Compounds 1–9 do not exhibit the toxicities shown in the ProTox-II models. Compounds 10 and 11 may be carcinogenic.
Structural and mechanical properties of gelatin composite films
The deformation properties, elastic modulus and strength of gelatin films with chitosan, citric acid and L-glutamic acid were studied. According to the results of the study, it was found that the addition of chitosan, citric and L-glutamic acid increases the strength and elasticity modulus of gelatin films. Assessment of the pH effect on the gelatin - chitosan, gelatin - citric acid and gelatin - L-glutamic acid systems provide a representation of their changes in these media. It is assumed that gelatin with L-glutamic acid forms a strong structure at low pH and withstands the conditions of the acidic environment of the stomach, while in an alkaline environment the structural and mechanical characteristics of this system decrease, creating favorable conditions for the release of encapsulated insulin in the intestinal phase. The changes of the physicochemical, structural and mechanical properties of the films under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH = 1.0; 4.01; 6.86; 9.18) were determined by IR spectroscopy. The observability of the bands of С-Н, С-ОН, С=O, C-N, N-H, СН(NH2), CH2OH groups in the infrared spectra of films in various pH media is associated with an increase of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the formation of associative structures.
Comparative characteristics of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from the rice waste production of Kazakhstan
Development of methods for effective processing of reconstructive biological resources and allocation of valuable materials refers to the main tasks of science and industry. The work determines the optimal hydro module and physico-chemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), obtained by the method of organosolvent oxidation of rice husk (RH), grown in the southern (Kyzylorda region) and southeast (Almaty region) of Kazakhstan, and it was established that the yield and the qualitative indicators of the MCC depends on the climatic and geographical features of the region, where raw materials are grown to obtain cellulose. The effective hydro module for MCC obtained from Bakanas rice husk (B-RH) was found to be 1:12 g/mL and yield was 45.0%, whereas Kyzylorda rice husk (K-RH) the effective hydromodule was 1:10 g/mL and yield found to be equal to 52.58%. During organosolvent oxidation, the selected method did not require additional processing of raw materials. It was discovered that for delignification, it takes 120 minutes of time, and the yield of MCC will be 15-18% higher than the cellulose obtained by the alkali. Rice husk is a promising alternative raw material for cellulose production and the use of the organosolvent method for obtaining an MCC is an economically advantageous and environmentally friendly method.
Variations in the distribution of trace elements in pyrrhotite Fe1-xS depending on the parameters of mechanical homogenization
This paper presents the results of the synthesis of sulfide standards based on the Fe0.91S pyrrhotite matrix, including 24 elements (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi) intended for use in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The main attention is paid to the study of the influence of such parameters as the duration of mechanical milling, the laser beam diameter during measurements and the initial concentrations of impurities on the distribution of trace elements in the material. As a result, it was found that with 120 min of milling in combination with a laser beam of 80 μm diameter, it is possible to achieve relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 10%, which corresponds to the recommendations for most elements. At high impurity concentrations, the RSD values for most elements are lower, but the material becomes more heterogeneous. At the same time, at lower concentrations, an improvement in the homogeneity of the composition is observed. The data obtained demonstrates the effectiveness of mechanical homogenization for improving analytical accuracy and reproducibility, which makes such standards promising for the analysis of complex sulfide materials in geochemistry and materials science.
Mіnі-rеvіеw: Advаnсеs іn thе sуnthеsіs аnd bіоlоgісаl асtіvіtу оf bеnzоfurохаn аnd furохаn dеrіvаtіvеs
Benzofuroxan and furoxan derivatives are heterocyclic compounds well known for their ability to act as nitric oxide (NO) donors. Due to their NO-releasing properties, these compounds have attracted considerable attention for their antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor activities. Their potential use in treating cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurodegenerative disorders further underscores their pharmacological relevance. Given the increasing research interest in these compounds, there is a need to consolidate recent findings related to their chemical properties and biological potential. This mini-review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the synthetic strategies and bioactivities of benzofuroxan and furoxan derivatives. Rather than focusing on ring synthesis, this review highlights the reactivity of side-chain functional groups and the design of hybrid molecules. Representative examples of drug-like compounds are discussed, along with their biological profiles. The review also explores emerging directions in the development of novel NO donors based on these frameworks with improved pharmaceutical efficacy and controlled NO release.
Synthesis, electronic and emission spectroscopy of diphenylamine-azulene co-oligomers
New strategies for creating functional materials are of great interest for the further development of optoelectronic devices such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), dye-sensitized organic solar cells (DSSCs) and others. In this area, research has focused on the application of various building blocks that can fine-tune the electronic structure of materials to optimize the fabrication performance and morphology. To date, the most effective molecules as building block are aromatic hydrocarbons, for example azulenes. In this study, new conjugated diphenylamine-azulene co-oligomers with linear and branched structures were synthesized with high yields via the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The obtained co-oligomers exhibit a pronounced ability to absorb and emit visible light in the 400–700 nm range. It was demonstrated that these unique photophysical properties, particularly the intense emissions in the green and orange photoluminescence range, result from the electron-donating properties of diphenylamine groups and the expansion of π-conjugation, which significantly alters the electronic structure of azulene, including the levels and energy gaps of the frontier HOMO-LUMO orbitals. These findings provide a rational approach to designing a series of new conjugated co-oligomers based on diphenylamine-azulenes for optoelectronic and photonic devices.
Thermal treatment of model water-in-oil emulsions by coal fly ash particles
One of the primary challenges in the oil industry is the formation of stable crude oil emulsions, which cause equipment and pipeline corrosion due to the inorganic salts dissolved in the aqueous phase. This study investigated the effect of coal fly ash on model crude oil emulsions. The model emulsions were prepared using crude oil samples from the Kyzylorda and Atyrau regions. Thermal demulsification at 60°C resulted in a low dewatering rate, with only 16% of water separated from a 50% water-in-oil emulsion. Higher efficiency in oil emulsion separation was observed using the microwave treatment method. The highest dewatering degree was achieved for the Atyrau crude oil emulsion, reaching 75% after 155 seconds for a 50% emulsion with a 1% ash concentration at a microwave power of 700 W, while the dewatering for the Kyzylorda oilfield emulsion was 50% under the same conditions. This difference in demulsification efficiency is attributed to the composition of the crude oil samples. It has been demonstrated that the microwave treatment method combined with the use of coal fly ash enables the separation of water-in-oil emulsions within a short period.
Optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction of volatile organic compounds from dry soil samples by porous coatings using COMSOL Multiphysics
Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSSPME) is one of the simplest and cost-efficient sample preparation approaches for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soil. This study was aimed at the development of the model for numerical optimization of HSSPME of volatile organic compounds from dry soil samples by porous coatings using COMSOL Multiphysics (CMP). ‘Transport of Diluted Species in Porous Medium’ physics was used for modeling. Effect of sample mass, pressure, fiber-headspace and soil-headspace distribution constants on extraction profiles and time of 95% equilibrium has been studied using the developed model. Equilibrium extraction under atmospheric pressure (1 atm) can take up to 97 min, while under vacuum (0.0313 atm) – 2.3 min. Equilibration time under vacuum was 42-43 times lower than under 1 atm at all studied distribution constants and sample masses. The developed model was modified for optimization of pre-incubation time using ‘Transport of Diluted Species’ physics. According to the obtained plots, 95% equilibration time can reach 13.3 min and depends on both sample mass and soil-headspace distribution constant of the analyte. The developed model can be recommended for optimization of pressure, preincubation and extraction time when fiber-headspace and soil-headspace distribution constants, soil porosity and density are known.
Полимерные системы для пероральной доставки инсулина
Сахарный диабет входит в десятку основных причин смертности во всем мире и остается серьезной проблемой здравоохранения. Более полумиллиарда человек во всем мире страдают диабетом, который возникает при неспособности организма вырабатывать инсулин или неэффективном использовании вырабатываемого инсулина. Для поддержки уровня глюкозы в крови в пределах допустимой нормы люди с 1 типом диабета нуждаются в ежедневных инъекциях инсулина. Несмотря на то, что инсулин остается незаменимым препаратом при лечении сахарного диабета, его инъекционная форма препятствует его более широкому использованию. Для устранения барьеров, связанных с инъекционной формой инсулина и повышения простоты использования, а также для обеспечения терапевтических преимуществ проводится множество исследований по созданию пероральной формы инсулина. Данная обзорная статья посвящена представлению общих сведений о современных достижениях путей создания пероральной формы инсулина. В статье приведены данные по распространенности сахарного диабета и его лечению, описаны методы инкапсуляции белков, трудности применения перорального инсулина, а также различные подходы, которые были предприняты для преодоления барьеров на пути создания пероральной формы инсулина. Рассмотрены последние достижения в применении мукоадгезивных полимеров и гидрогелей для доставки лекарственных препаратов. Мукоадгезивные полимеры хитозан и альгинат благодаря своим свойствам, таким как чувствительность к рН, биосовместимость и биоразлагаемость привлекают все большее внимание. Приведены методы инкапсуляции белковых лекарственных препаратов с применением распылительной сушки, эмульгирования и осаждения полимерных материалов посредством комплексообразования.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2023 Авторы https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Использование полиэтиленовых расходных материалов при проведении нейтронно-активационного анализа по короткоживущим радионуклидам
При проведении нейтронно-активационного анализа по короткоживущим радионуклидам на реакторе ВВР-К используется пневмотранспортная система (Austria) со специфическими транспортными капсулами. При проведении анализа облученные образцы не вынимаются из транспортных капсул и измеряются непосредственно в капсуле. Необходимо учесть тот факт, что наведенная активность материала самой капсулы выступает в качестве фонового излучения по отношению к наведенной активности изучаемого образца. Выполнено исследование материала капсул и используемых полиэтиленовых трубочек, применяемых в качестве фиксаторов образца по центру транспортной капсулы. Ранее было установлено, что в составе материала капсулы HDPE T50 присутствуют примесные элементы Ti, Cl, Al, Na, Ca. Обнаружено, что материал фиксаторов содержит большее количество примесей, приводящее к возрастанию загрузки спектрометрического оборудования и увеличению относительного вклада фона отдельных радионуклидов в итоговый спектр. Проанализированы и обработаны спектры наведенной активности, рассчитано содержание элементов в полиэтилене и показано, что аналитические сигналы Mg-27, Mn-56 и Sb-122m, Cr-51 и Sb-122 относятся исключительно к наведенной активности материала трубок-фиксаторов. Данное обстоятельство не позволяет определять малые концентрации этих элементов в самих образцах. Показана необходимость поиска более чистого материала для использования его в качестве фиксаторов образца при размещении в транспортной капсуле.
Phase relations in the SrO – GdO1.5 – FeO1.5 system
The lack of data systematization on the coexistence and stability of compounds formed in the SrO – GdO1.5 – FeO1.5 system at temperatures above 1100°C determines the interest in a more detailed study of this system. The research was focused on studying the stability of phases formed in the pseudobinary section (1-х)GdFeO3 – хSrO in the temperature range 1200- 1400°C in air. The interaction of components in the SrO – GdO1.5 – FeO1.5 system was studied by the method of annealing and quenching followed by physicochemical analysis. The phase composition and sequence of phase transformations were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. Phase relations results in the SrO – GdO1.5 – FeO1.5 system in air were systematized. The formation of three complex perovskite-like oxides GdSr2FeO5, GdSrFeO4, Gd2SrFe2O7, located on the GdFeO3 – SrO binary section was established. Information on interplanar distances and reflection intensities of the GdSr2FeO5 compound has been supplemented and the existence of a miscibility gap for Gd1-xSrxFeO3-α solid solutions existing in the range 0.05≤x≤0.51 at 1400°C has been shown. Data on thermal stability of complex gadolinium ferrites based on GdO1.5 – SrO – FeO1.5 system has been expanded.
Авторлық құқық (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0